Bluetooth, despite being there since day one of modern smartphones, is still evolving. A new iteration of the Bluetooth specification is released every few years, the latest of which is Bluetooth 5, announced in 2016. While the majority of smartphones these days officially support it, a large number of smartphones are missing key functionalities defined in the Bluetooth 5 specification. This was recently highlighted in post on Reddit which caught our attention. Bluetooth 5 brings many new improvements and optimizations, but several of them are sadly optional. What this means is that smartphone manufacturers can correctly claim their device supports Bluetooth 5 while missing some of the key improvements in the specification.
New PHYs
One of the important new features that the Bluetooth 5 specification defined is a choice of three PHYs. PHY is an acronym for Physical Layer, which, in essence, is the chipset. At a minimum, chipsets must support LE 1M PHY to support Bluetooth 5. LE 1M PHY is the PHY used in Bluetooth 4 and it has a symbol rate of 1 mega symbol per second (Ms/s). LE 2M PHY, however, doubles this speed at 2 Ms/s. Then there’s LE Coded PHY which provides approximately four times the range of Bluetooth 4 without an increase in power consumption.
What’s key about LE 2M and LE Coded is that, for Bluetooth 5, neither of them are mandatory. This means that manufacturers can provide the same communication abilities as Bluetooth 4, but tout Bluetooth 5 support. While most devices support either LE 2M or LE Coded, the vast majority do not support both.
Extended Advertising
Another improvement that Bluetooth 5 brings is longer advertising packets. Advertising packets are what your device broadcasts when it attempts to communicate with other devices, essentially advertising itself to other devices. Longer advertising packets mean that your device can send more information about itself and receive more information about other devices. Beacons benefit the most from extended advertisements. A beacon is a small Bluetooth transmitter that companies use for product advertising, among other things. A beacon could be deployed, for example, at an amusement park, and as people walk by their phones would pick up the signal from the beacon and receive information about a certain attraction. The longer the advertising packet, the more information that could be given. In Bluetooth 4, advertising packets were limited to 37 octets of information. In Bluetooth 5, however, packets can be up 255 octets long, a massive improvement.
Again, though, extended advertising length is not mandatory in Bluetooth 5. What’s more, extended advertising is not backwards compatible, meaning that Bluetooth 4 devices will not even be able to receive packets with the extended lengths. This is bad because it means that the few devices that do support extended advertising lengths will have almost no other devices to utilize it with.
| Feature | Bluetooth 4 | Bluetooth 5 |
|---|---|---|
| LE 1M | Yes | Yes |
| LE 2M | No | Yes (Optional) |
| LE Coded | No | Yes (Optional) |
| Extended Advertising |
No | Yes (Optional) |
In summary, three of the main features that are available in Bluetooth 5 do not have to be supported for a device to classify as Bluetooth 5-enabled. There are, of course, other features that Bluetooth 5 brings that are mandatory—such as improving interference with other frequencies—but these are more so quality-of-life improvements than game-changing stuff.
Does my device support any of these features?
There’s a pretty simple way to test if your device supports any of the three features mentioned above. To start, simply download nRF Connect from the Google Play Store.
nRF Connect for Mobile (Free, Google Play) →
From there, scroll through all the introduction messages (Image 1). Next, click “OK” to allow the app to copy files to your device, these are crucial to the app functioning properly (Image 2). Now, tap the three-bar “hamburger” button on the top left of your screen, then tap “Device information” (Images 3 & 4). You should see a list of features with “YES” or “NO” alongside them. If “High speed (LE 2M) supported” has a yes next to it, your device supports the 2x speed of Bluetooth 5. If “Long range (PHY Coded) supported” has a yes next to it, your device supports the 4x range of Bluetooth 5. If “Extended advertisement supported” has a yes next to it, your device supports the 255 octet advertising of Bluetooth 5 (Image 5).
Currently, a lot of flagships appear to be missing at least one of these features. However, improvements are being made. While the Samsung Galaxy S9+ only supported one of the features—the PHY 2m layer—the Galaxy S10+ supports all three. Xiaomi and OnePlus flagships also support all three features. Famously cheap devices such as the POCO F1 also support everything, so it’s unlikely that price is the source of the problem here.
It’s unusual for Samsung to only recently add support for all three features, given their history of stuffing as many features as they can into devices. It’s also surprising that OnePlus have included everything, given their prior reluctance to add support for features they don’t consider necessary. Less surprising is Xiaomi’s full support, in the past they’ve been no stranger to feature-packed phones. That being said, some may disagree, given Xiaomi’s previous qualms about adding support for popular features such as the Camera2 API.
| Device | LE 2M | LE Coded | Extended Advertising |
|---|---|---|---|
| Samsung Galaxy S10+ (Snapdragon) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Xiaomi Mi 9 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| OnePlus 6T | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Huawei Mate 20 Pro | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Huawei Mate 20 X | Yes | No | No |
| Google Pixel 3 | Yes | No | Yes |
| Nokia 7 Plus | Yes | No | No |
| Razer Phone 2 | Yes | No | Yes |
| Pocophone F1 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Snapdragon) | Yes | No | No |
It’s a shame that so few devices support everything specified in Bluetooth 5, because for the new features to be utilized, communicating devices both need to support the feature. According to the users who chimed in with their devices’ information on the aforementioned Reddit thread, the market is currently closer to 0% than it is to 5% of fully supported devices. Thankfully, more recent flagships seem to be supporting all the major features.
Bluetooth 5 was a big step forward for device connectivity, so it’s amazing that it’s taken the smartphone community this long to catch on. But now that it’s been made clear just how much we’re missing out on, we can let OEMs know that missing out on such features is unacceptable, and hopefully cement the changes they are already starting to make.
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